MIT Sloan Management Review

Design Thinking, Innovation

Toyota’s Secret: The A3 Report

By John Shook

July 1, 2009

How Toyota solves problems, creates plans, and gets new things done while developing an organization of thinking problem-solvers.

The leading question
Toyota has designed a two-page mechanism for attacking problems. What can we learn from it?
Findings
  • The A3’s constraints (just 2 pages) and its structure (specific categories, ordered in steps, adding up to a “story”) are the keys to the A3’s power.
  • Though the A3 process can be used effectively both to solve problems and to plan initiatives, its greatest payoff may be how it fosters learning. It presents ideal opportunities for mentoring.
  • It becomes a basis for collaboration.
While much has been written about Toyota Motor Corp.’s production system, little has captured the way the company manages people to achieve operational learning. At Toyota, there exists a way to solve problems that generates knowledge and helps people doing the work learn how to learn. Company managers use a tool called the A3 (named after the international paper size on which it fits) as a key tactic in sharing a deeper method of thinking that lies at the heart of Toyota’s sustained success.

A3s are deceptively simple. An A3 is composed of a sequence of boxes (seven in the example) arrayed in a template. Inside the boxes the A3’s “author” attempts, in the following order, to: (1) establish the business context and importance of a specific problem or issue; (2) describe the current conditions of the problem; (3) identify the desired outcome;... To read the complete article, login or sign-up using the form below.

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