Why Brand Trumps Reputation

The latest revival of Nike’s iconic “Just Do It” campaign demonstrates the power of prioritizing customer demand over social approval.

Jonathan Knowles and Richard Ettenson Reading Time: 3 min 

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Brand Reputation Kaepernick Nike Just Do It

Nike’s decision to make NFL quarterback-turned-activist Colin Kaepernick the face of the 30th anniversary of the “Just Do It” campaign illustrates the important strategic difference between brand and reputation.

Brand is about generating demand among customers. Reputation is about approval among stakeholders. Nike has made a deliberate decision to increase the appeal of its brand among younger, liberal, ethnically diverse consumers globally while risking not only a portion of its existing customer base (older and more socially conservative buyers) but also its overall reputation — at least in the short term.

This is a bold business move. Most companies want “to have their cake and eat it, too” when it comes to brand and reputation. They seek to create a distinctive brand positioning among consumers while simultaneously enjoying the approval of all their stakeholders. It is rare that a company recognizes that brand and reputation sometimes need to be managed separately and that the actions required to drive brand strength may sometimes come at the expense of reputation.

Nike made a bet that the near-term hit to its reputation would be outweighed by gains among consumers stimulated by the company’s commitment to a progressive stance with Kaepernick. The campaign, released early in September, seems to be paying off. While Nike’s share price fell over 3% the day after the campaign launched and more than 200,000 mentions of #NikeBoycott appeared on Twitter and Instagram, the negative backlash has cooled, and Nike shares have traded strongly in the wake of increased sales.

Since its inception, Nike’s “Just Do It” campaign has had an element of rebellion, and the latest rendition of the campaign is full-throated in this regard. Nike is not alone here. Brands with rebel legacies, like Harley Davidson and Virgin, and any number of entertainment personalities — Miley Cyrus and Madonna come quickly to mind — recognize that stirring the social pot can be an effective aspect of their brand, even when that means alienating some stakeholders.

Given this, it makes good business sense for Nike to choose a spokesperson who combines strong athletic credentials with a recognized social conscience. Nike is playing the long game to expand the appeal of its brand to a new generation of consumers across the globe who respect both athletic excellence and social purpose.

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About the Authors

Jonathan Knowles (@typetwo) is the CEO of Type 2 Consulting. Richard Ettenson is professor and the Keickhefer Fellow of Global Marketing and Brand Strategy at the Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University.

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Comments (2)
Ronald Ainsbury
Hmm ... surely separate but linked? Will reputation among stakeholders be maintained if a company's major brands are not managed in harmony with the purpose and values that the business espouses? One of Nike's values is Authenticity. Their support of Colin Kaepernick is authentic. If it were not, this would jar with many stakeholders, especially employees, and put a severe dent in reputation.
JONATHAN KNOWLES
Another (hot off the press) example of a company that recognizes the interplay between brand and reputation is Amazon.  Its decision this week to increase to $15 the hourly wage paid to its 350,000 full-/part-time and seasonal workers should be viewed as being brand-driven, NOT reputation-driven (as many commentators are suggesting).  Amazon's primary motivation is to preserve the strength of its brand among CONSUMERS, not to gain the approval of other stakeholders.  
Just as Nike in the 1990s saw that the image of poor labor practices was threatening the demand for its products among end consumers, so Amazon recognized that an image of underpaying its workers was undermining the appeal of the Amazon brand to consumers.
Brand is a COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCT - the job of a brand is to SELL by addressing the question of "What's In It For Me?" for consumers.
Reputation is SOCIAL CONSTRUCT - the job of reputation is to achieve legitimacy among all the stakeholders that can affect the ability of the company to go about its commercial business.
For those interested in reading more - here is the link to our 2008 SMR article:
https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/dont-confuse-reputation-with-brand/